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E S N U K A
EVOLUTION-Some Notes to Upset the Knowledge of our Ancestors.
(C)opyright. JOSE MOLINA ALMANSA.
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I. INTRODUCTION.

ESNUKA is a game which reproduces the evolution of the species and radically changes some of the concepts generally accepted up until now.

This evolution is presented in such a way that it shows a particular example within the General Theory of Conditional Evolution, explained in detail in Part V.

Using the latest computer technology and drawing on parallels with Snooker, the theory can be shown in an easy and fun way, thanks to its impressive visual effects.

At all times, great care has been taken to make ESNUKA as user-friendly as possible, with the use of menus, quick help screens and complete instructions in 3 languages: Spanish, English and French.

The theories most relevant to this subject are briefly explained in Part IV.

As well as the possibility of changing the parameters of the initial configuration, the program contains four models complementary to the reproduction of evolution:

-The Random model, whereby the computer displays the characters of the whole population after a chosen number of generations is specified from the initial random selection.

-Esnuka, so called because of the introduction of the main parameters of the General Theory of the Conditional Evolution of Life; the game is based on snooker, where players try to pot those balls closest to the aim of the game. In this model, as Part VII explains, the snooker balls are divided into two different types, with a clear sexual parallel.

-Special evolution model, Esnuka-II, in which the sexual differentiation carries out the limitation function referred to in Part V.b.2 and the colour of the genes determines the gender according to Mendel's laws.

-Special evolution model, Esnuka-III, identical to the above except that the colour of the balls becomes more difficult to distinguish as the game goes on. Therefore sexual differentiation becomes less evident.

The function to display any specific hybridization may be activated at all times.

The program includes French Billiards, Pool and Snooker.

In all the games there is the possiblity to play against the computer as there are up to 10 players with different
levels of ability.

There is also the possiblity in all games of competing in an 8 player tournament, among which the players available
in the computer can be chosen.

Finally, in BEEPS Cups points are accumulated when the players selected by the computer have been beaten.

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2 II. COMMON RULES.

Key F3 on the Options Menu controls the difficulty level.

There are four difficulty levels: in the first three, the Snooker table has 6 pockets and a ball must be potted into a
pocket. In the fourth, the table has no pockets.

Before beginning his turn, each player may choose the impact, angle and spin to be used. The function of each key will become clearly apparent once one begins to play. If a key is pressed which has no function, a help screen will appear containing all possible options. It is important at this stage to mention the F9 function key where the computer will suggest a shot - maximum three -, and F10 which saves the game at a specific stage, allowing the game to be loaded with Alt-F10 or F6 from the Options Menu.

If a mouse is available, the choice of angle, impact and spin is much easier. A small amount of practice will be enough
to see how it works. Nevertheless, it is useful to note that a shot is made by placing the mouse arrow below the players'
names on the screen and clicking the left mouse button.

The Tab key forces the computer players to play, except in Tournament and in the BEEPS Cups.

The rules of the game are the usual ones and all actions are automatically controlled.

Only one game or a tournament can be saved at a specific moment and it replaces the previously saved game or tournament.

There are two BEEPS Cups. The number 1 or 2 appears in the red ball in the top left hand corner of the screen.
The second Cup can only be loaded from the Options Menu, it begins in a higher level and help function is not available.
To add a new player, just highlight the players' column and press Enter, then type the desired name.

In BEEPS Cup, when choosing a game, the program selects both a computer player as the opponent and a level of difficulty depending on the amount of points accumulated by the human player. As such the more points one has, the better the computer player.

The maximum score is 200 points, 20 for French Billiards, 40 for each of the Esnukas and 30 for Snooker and Pool.


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3 III. EVOLUTION SIMULATION.

This option allows the observation of the changes produced by a specific number of generations for the whole population, for either 20, 30 or 100 individuals. If Sound is off it will be set to 100.

The difficulty level parameter controls the way to calculate the potential of genes. For difficulty levels 1 and 2 the initial values of the potential of the genes are randomly calculated within a limit of 1 to 3 and are independant from each other. Otherwise, for values 3 and 4 the potential of the genes of an individual is equal. This characteristic hardly affects the evolutionary process, however in the latter case, the values tend to be less extreme within their range.

This option appears on the screen with two different or equal sized circles repectively. Nevertheless, if the colour inversion function is activated, all the genes will be set up with the same value and this is shown on the screen by one circle.

The Difficulty level parameter is also used to decide which simulation rules to use in accordance with either Esnuka I for values 1 and 3 or Esnuka II for values 2 and 4.
This is represented by one or two vertical lines on the screen.

When simulation is requested, a screen will appear displaying a randomly-calculated initial situation within a limit of 1 to 5; in other words, the left hand side of the evolution screen. The balls will depend on the configuration of the fixed verification and complementary parameters.

Every time a key is pressed, a new generation will be calculated according to the parameters established in the
configuration menu. These parameters are constantly displayed on the screen.

The detail of each individual evolutionary step is identical to the one used in Esnuka I and II, the rules governing the interchange of genes are Mendel's established theories and the probabilities of transmission are equal for each gene.

In this way, the effect on evolution of genetic verification concepts and complementary characters can be seen.

In particular, the selection of external verification means that the figures resemble the tip of an arrow; if complementary genes are added the figure slightly changes its shape, to remind us on occasion of fractals.

The speed of evolution depends on its parameters and is the same with or without external verification; nevertheless the former case will be out of step compared with the latter.

Another visible effect is the increase in distance between individuals when internal evolution parameters are small
compared to external evolution parameters and vice versa.

By fixing very small endogenous and exogenous evolutionary parameters we can study the behaviour of evolution in the
long term, this is equivalent to increasing dimensions of the evolutionary window without changing the evolutionary
parameters.

Differences between consecutive colours are always constant and endogenous and exogenous evolutionary parameters are expressed in percentages.

As an additional explanation, we could say that colours are always standardized in the scale 1 to 20, therefore, the
potential represented by colours is the same in the cases of genes, characters and individuals, the only exception being
individuals with complementary characters. For example, the potential of an individual with two complementary characters
with potential equal to 10 will be 10 times 10 = 100, divided by 20 = 5, to standardize the range 1 to 400.

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4 IV. PREDECESSORS.

a) Lamarck's Evolutionary doctrine in his Zoological Philosophical Work written in 1809.

His theory was as follows:

1§ Environmental changes generate new needs.
2§ These needs determine the use or disuse of some organs.
3§ Such organs develop or are diminished.
4§ The acquired characters are hereditary.

Summary: functions create organs and heredity determines the change in offspring.

b) Biological theory by Charles Robert Darwin, the English Naturalist in his main work "The Origin of the species", en 1859.

As a contrast to Lamarck's evolutionary doctrine, Darwin proposed natural selection as the basis of evolution. His theory was as follows:

1§ Individuals display differences.
2§ Shortage of food leads them to fight for existence.
3§ Individuals with superior differences have more chance to reach adulthood, reproduce and transmit these variations to their offspring.

Later, in his "The Origin of Man and Sexual Selection" (1871), he added a new factor, sexual selection, in which male or female chooses partners with more attractive qualities.

c) Laws which govern heredity discovered by Johann Mendel, Austrian Augustine monk, in his "Investigations on hybrids in plants" (1865). This theory consists of the following two laws:

1¦.-The Law of Scission: factors inherited from parents are joined in the resulting hybrid and are separated when the hybrid reaches the adult stage and produces its sexual cells.

This law can be explained better using the following example, of white and red varieties in the "Marvel of Peru" plant:

The first generation produces all pink flowers. The second produces one white, two pink and one red flower.

During the third generation, if white flowers are mixed with other white flowers, they produce white flowers; red flowers with other red flowers produce red flowers, and pink flowers repeat the results in the second generation of hybrids.

2¦.-The Law of Dominant Character: the dominant character does not destroy the recessive character in the hybrid; it merely conceals it.

An example is given of the cross between white and grey rats:

The first generation produces grey rats. The second produces one white and three grey rats.

The appearance of white rats in a ratio of 1 to 4 in the second generation shows that the white (recessive) character has not been destroyed, but remains hidden.

For ease of understanding, only one character (mono-hybridization), has been included, but two or more (dihybridization
or polihybridization) can also be included and the process would be similar, although the possible combinations would grow in
geometric proportion.

d) Neodarwinism.

Theory derived from Darwinism which, supported by scientific advances in cytology, biochemistry, genetics, etc. denounces the influence of the environment on the evolution of the species, and the heredity of acquired characters, and gives merit to variations in germination produced by natural selection and displayed through new morphological or functional characters.


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5 V. GENERAL THEORY OF THE CONDITIONAL EVOLUTION OF LIFE.

This program has been developed to explain my own theory and represent, at least, an element of reflection on the long
road of scientific knowledge.

The theory can be summarised as follows:

1§ The main characteristic of life is Freedom.
2§ All life has an intrinsic tendency to widen the sphere of freedom using evolution.
3§ There are many evolutionary systems, methods or processes and their configuration depends on specific conditions in each individual case.

The concept of freedom is used in its widest sense and means the possibility of overcoming or freeing oneself from the
bounds of nature's laws of physics.

As it is a general theory, at no time does it disagree with the theories contained in Part IV - Predecessors; quite the contrary, those theories form part of this general theory by way of point 3, as particular cases, as a consequence of
different evolutionary conditions. In most superior evolutionary processes, genetic changes are certain to appear, due to
environmental influences, random elements, trial and error processes, changes already verified and natural and sexual
selection will be present, as well as a genetic interchange from progenitors.

Point 3 could seem too general. This is due to the fact that explanation of the whole variety of methods used by nature would mean not only that presentation of the theory in a brief concise manner would be impossible, but also that the list would be too long and incomplete. The 2 important ideas are however reflected: the variety of methods and conditions.

Genes are codified compressed information for the development of the new being. When the information is delivered, both the information itself is communicated and, obviously, the form in which it should be decodified and used.

The causes of conditional evolution can be studied by distinguishing between conditions imposed by external or environmental factors and internal conditions, derived from the dynamics of any evolutionary system.

a) internal causes:

1-Security.
2-Dominance of the species over the individual.
3-Equal form of the species.
4-Internal Cohesion or compatibility of the evolutionary system.
5-Maximisation of evolution.

b) external causes:

1-Shortage of resources
2-The function creates the organ.

Each of the above-mentioned causes is analyzed below:

a) INTERNAL CAUSES

a.1) Security.

Security of the feasibility of modifications incorporated is not always necessary. Sometimes a high grade of confidence is sufficient. However, if the modification affects one of the complex vital functions of the new being, an attempt must be made
at absolute security.

Various solutions can exist - one could be to transmit the modified genetic information and a copy of the unmodified information; another solution could be to simulate the behaviour of the system under its new parameters and links.

The simulation method has a limitation; in very complex functions, simulation of all possibilities is not possible, as they could be infinite.

A third solution could be to connect verification of the modification to the genetic modification, using two different sources of information. In this way, sexual differentiation appears as a necessity for nature to reach a certain level of complexity in living beings.

a.2) Dominance of the species over the individual.

The continuity of the species has priority over the individual. This genetic condition explains the strange behaviour of many living beings who go to the extreme of committing suicide in order to feed newly-born offspring.

The expression "selfish gene" indicates this characteristic.

a.3) Equal form of the species.

To achieve similarity between individuals of the same species, it is necessary to carry out verification on certain modifications.

a.4) Internal Cohesion or compatibility of the evolutionary system.

Any modification or improvement must be compatible with the rest of the information transmitted. In order to widen the field of possible improvements, it is possible to associate conditions of effective development from the modified character through the existence or non-existence of related characters.
Thus, it is possible that a modification develops in a subsequent generation which is not necessarily the next one.

One aspect related with coherence is the necessity of evolutionary jumps - the birth of new species.

When a system evolves, it becomes complicated and at the same time certain characters form their structure, on which the behaviour of many other characters depends. With time, this structure becomes old and the time comes when it is necessary
to change some elements of the structure to allow simplification of complicated processes and increase potential evolution.

As it is a new function, the verification condition will not be established; checks will have been made through simulation, or other control conditions will be established in case of error.

The consequent evolution will produce related characters and offspring of this new function (ie, the necessity of a specific protein). If, due to the gene combination, a new being does not acquire this new function, the new being will not survive, as the dependent characters will be blocked.

As such, the distancing of the new species begins and this new species will be compatible with the original for a certain amount of time, but evolution will in time make it incompatible and will cause total separation.

The balance of the complementary characters is also related to coherence and could cause in some cases an evolutionary jump.

When two characters are perfectly complementary, balance is advisable as the resulting potential will be greater. If two characters are from the above-mentioned nature, qualifying them and quantifying the global potential means we will end up with 10 in the case of character A=10 and character B=1 or character A=1 and character B=10 and 25 for character A=5 and character B=5.

a.5) Maximisation of evolution.

When genetic information is transmitted without needing another being, only one individual's experience is incorporated and only a new generation will mean the incorporation of another individual's experience - the evolution of one line is very slow.

If different experiences are joined, evolution will be much quicker and better. This implies genetic combination with other individuals and the possibility of verification of the information transmitted. In summary, sexual differentiation.

This character allows us to introduce the concepts of exogenous and endogenous evolution. The former would be those improvements produced as a result of learning, work and experience throughout the individual's life and before the transmission of information. The latter would be evolution gained through the study of information contained in the gene corresponding to the same character but from another parent.

It seems clear that the older the individual, the greater the exogenous evolution, especially where modifications affecting functions experienced only during maturity are concerned.

Any repetition of an evolutionary step is a step backwards, a waste of time, energy and resources.
This could be the reason why some species sacrifice the male after union, so that this evolutionary step is impossible.

b) EXTERNAL CAUSES

b.1) Shortage of resources.

There is no doubt that nature exists in a world where resources are scarce. Most of its time is spent surviving and survival of the offspring is not guaranteed; one solution could be to have as high a number of offspring as possible.

This very fact allows us to take advantage of the effect produced by the fight for survival: natural selection. In other words, different evolution lines could be attempted and natural selection will eliminate those who are less well-adapted or weaker.

Another effect could be the need to make time to improve the species; in other words, specialisation in work will allow some individuals to dedicate their time to genetic perfection. This could be the case in the famous "drone" bees.

b.2) The function creates the organ.

When a capacity or quality is used intensely, the quality is considerably improved. It would seem logical that the programs or functions were incorporated at least in part into the genetic information to be sent.

The great inconvenience of this method of evolution could be incorporated modifications caused by non-permanent environmental changes.

Certain structural changes, although small, can mean a step backwards if carried out using non-permanent environmental changes. The solution to this problem is again to use verification. However, the opposite case is also possible, that environmental changes are permanent. A global solution could be to permit the development of the improvements only if they are confirmed in two continuous generations. In order to achieve this, it would be necessary for one of the sexes not to incorporate modifications or, at least not from exogenous evolution.

In the above case, this limitation could be balanced with the transmission of a security copy and, at the same time, with specialisation in material technology to develop the new being efficiently from genetic information.

This explanation allows us to make a critical analysis of the predecessors' theories.

- The evolution theory based on environmental factors, and summarised in the sentence "the function creates the organ", is considered valid but not general, and should be adjusted when related to the controls imposed by nature to avoid the effective development of modified characters as a result of non-permanent environmental changes using external verification.

- Darwin's theory of natural selection is the main explanation for the disappearance of genetic modifications which are not good enough in terms of adaptation, but it does not refer to the cause of the modifications, nor does it refer to the processes which carry out modifications. Without a doubt, the main contribution of Darwin's theory has been to anthropology.

- The basic concepts of dominant and recessive genes of Mendel's theory lose their sense and, anyway, become absolutely inappropriate. The so-called recessive gene is in fact the more powerful and evolved of the two, in those cases where verification is one of the conditions associated with the transmitted information.

Furthermore, the genes do not disappear in the new being and the new being does not create them later. On the contrary, they continuously exist and their development in time is the real evolutionary system, as the gene combination is only a method to accelerate genetic development and does not produce any evolution by itself.

- Neodarwinism is the theory based on the development of science and only declares that variations of living beings are produced in their germinal states, when the real problem is when these variations in genetic information are produced and the associated conditions needed to achieve effective development, even after several generations.

- Modern molecular biology is discovering the way in which nature carries out genetic verification and other controls, without knowing the reasons behind them, by studying the behaviour of DNA, in particular pieces of DNA known as histones.

- Finally, to quote scientists from the Centre for Demographic and Population Genetic at Texas University: "Men go through more genetic mutations because they produce more sperm than women ovules."


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6VI CONCLUSIONS.


To summarize, the following conclusions can be inferred:


- Evolution is a consequence of the development of genes throughout the life of living beings.
- The relevant and appropriate concepts are the existence or otherwise of external verification and existence or otherwise of complements between two or more characters.
- Sexual diversification implies evolutionary specialization in that one sex is specialized in genetic evolution and the other in the evolution or improvement material technology for the development of the new being.

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